Palabras clave
Internacionalización
turismo médico
diplomacia sanitaria
servicios de salud
Caribe
Centroamérica
turismo médico
diplomacia sanitaria
servicios de salud
Caribe
Centroamérica
Cómo citar
Castro Rodríguez, C., Reyes Chaparro, D., & Rodríguez Díaz, M. (2021). Internacionalización de los servicios de salud: reflexiones sobre la exportación de servicios de salud desde Colombia hacia Centroamérica y el Caribe. Conocimiento Global, 6(S2), 577-589. https://doi.org/10.70165/cglobal.v6iS2.598
Resumen
El turismo médico se ha consolidado como un fenómeno global que redefine las fronteras del comercio internacional de servicios. En este contexto, Colombia se perfila como un país con potencial competitivo para la exportación de servicios de salud hacia regiones de Centroamérica y el Caribe, donde persisten brechas estructurales en el acceso y la calidad sanitaria. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las oportunidades, desafíos y proyecciones de la internacionalización de los servicios de salud colombianos hacia estos territorios. Se desarrolla una investigación de enfoque cualitativo, de alcance descriptivo y diseño de revisión de la literatura, sustentada en fuentes científicas y organismos internacionales publicadas entre 2017 y 2021. Los resultados evidencian que la acreditación internacional, la adopción de la telemedicina, las alianzas estratégicas y el marketing culturalmente adaptado son factores determinantes para fortalecer la competitividad del sector. Asimismo, se identifican oportunidades derivadas de las limitaciones estructurales de los sistemas de salud del Caribe y Centroamérica, que demandan cooperación bilateral y diplomacia sanitaria. Se concluye que la internacionalización hospitalaria colombiana, más allá de ser una estrategia económica, constituye un instrumento de diplomacia en salud y un mecanismo de integración regional que puede contribuir a la equidad sanitaria y al posicionamiento global del país.
Citas
Almeida, C. (2020). Global Health Diplomacy: A Theoretical and Analytical Review. Oxford
Research Encyclopedia of Global Public Health.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190632366.013.25
Alsayedahmed, H., Al-Tawfiq, J., Al-Dossary, B., and Al-Yami, S. (2021). Impact of Accreditation Certification on Improving Healthcare Quality and Patient Safety at Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare. Global journal on quality and safety in healthcare, 4 3, 117-122. https://doi.org/10.36401/jqsh-21-8
Arias-Aragonés, F., Caraballo-Payares, A., y Jiménez-Osorio, J. (2020). Caracterización del turismo de salud en la ciudad de Bogotá y el distrito de Cartagena. Clío América. https://doi.org/10.21676/23897848.3941
Arrivillaga, M. (2020). Assessing health services accessibility in Colombia: Beyond universal health coverage. European Journal of Public Health, 30. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.1391
Asociación Médica Mundial. (2018, 6 de octubre). Declaración sobre el turismo de salud. https://www.wma.net/es/policies-post/declaracion-sobre-el-turismo-de-salud/
Bárcena Ibarra, A., y Cimoli, M. (2020). Structural asymmetries and the health crisis: The imperative of a transformative recovery for the advancement of sustainable development in Latin America and the Caribbean (UN ECLAC Publication LC/PUB.2021/4-P). Santiago de Chile: United Nations — Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. https://www.cepal.org/en/publications/46926-structural-asymmetries-and-health-crisis-imperative-transformative-recovery
Barlow, P., McKee, M., Basu, S., and Stuckler, D. (2017). The health impact of trade and investment agreements: a quantitative systematic review and network co-citation analysis. Globalization and Health, 13, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-017-0240-x
Beltrán, J. (2018). Iniciativas de clúster para el fortalecimiento de la competitividad en el Departamento de Norte de Santander: Casos de turismo de salud y Sistema Moda, 54-66. https://doi.org/10.18601/01233734.n29.06
Borg, E., and Ljungbo, K. (2018). International market-oriented strategies for medical tourism destinations. International Journal of Market Research, 60, 621-634. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470785318770134
Cham, T., Lim, Y., Sia, B., Cheah, J., and Ting, H. (2020). Medical Tourism Destination Image and its Relationship with the Intention to Revisit: A Study of Chinese Medical Tourists in Malaysia. Journal of China Tourism Research, 17, 163-191. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388160.2020.1734514
Chandra, A. (2019). Exploring Medical Tourism Opportunities in India (With Special Reference to Delhi/ NCRZ). SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3320007
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe. (2012). Subsedes/Oficinas – Notas de la CEPAL N.º 72. Recuperado de https://www.cepal.org/notas/72/Subsedes_Washington
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). (2020). Latin America and the Caribbean and the COVID-19 pandemic: Economic and social effects (Special Report COVID-19 No. 1). Naciones Unidas. https://repositorio.cepal.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/e2c1fa19-cacf-4e2b-896d-7fc8abc46b18/content
Crooks, V. A., Labonté, R., Ceron, A., Johnston, R., Snyder, J., and Snyder, M. (2019). "Medical tourism will…obligate physicians to elevate their level so that they can compete": A qualitative exploration of the anticipated impacts of inbound medical tourism on health human resources in Guatemala. Human Resources for Health, 17(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-019-0395-z
De Pourcq, K., De Regge, M., Van Den Heede, K., Van De Voorde, C., Paul, G., and Eeckloo, K. (2019). The role of governance in different types of interhospital collaborations: A systematic review. Health policy, 123 5, 472-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.02.010
De Regge, M., De Pourcq, K., Gemmel, P., Van De Voorde, C., Van Den Heede, K., and Eeckloo, K. (2018). Varying viewpoints of Belgian stakeholders on models of interhospital collaboration. BMC Health Services Research, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3763-9
Deshkukh, B., and Waghamare, S. (2021). Medical tourism in India: Challenges and opportunities. ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2021.01003.x
Dhinesh Kallungal. (2018). Medical tourism in India: An empirical analysis of the demographic profile and perception of medical tourists [Paper]. JETIR, 6(6). Recuperado de https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1908145.pdf
Dohlman, L., DiMeglio, M., Hajj, J., and Laudanski, K. (2019). Global Brain Drain: How Can the Maslow Theory of Motivation Improve Our Understanding of Physician Migration? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071182
Fazal, T. (2020). Health Diplomacy in Pandemical Times. International Organization, 74, E78-E97. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818320000326
Flores, J. (2021). Ecosistema de Negocios del Turismo Médico en México y Brasil. El Periplo Sustentable, 35-62. https://doi.org/10.36677/elperiplo.v0i41.15698
Flores, S., Molinar, C., y Contreras, T. (2019). Turismo de salud y redes colaborativas en innovación: caso los algodones, Baja California. Turismo y Sociedad, 26, 67-88. https://doi.org/10.18601/01207555.n26.03
Foley, B., Haglin, J., Tanzer, J. y Eltorai, A. (2019). Atención al paciente sin fronteras: Una revisión sistemática del turismo médico y quirúrgico. Revista de medicina del viajero. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taz049
Garg, R., Batra, R., and Banerji, A. (2020). Low Cost, Quality Treatment and Excellent Hospitality Makes India the Best Destination for Medical Tourism, 5. https://doi.org/10.23958/ijirms/vol05-i01/614
Ghosh, T., and Mandal, S. (2018). Medical Tourism Experience: Conceptualization, Scale Development, and Validation. Journal of Travel Research, 58, 1288-1301. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518813469
Global Wellness Institute. (2018). Global Wellness Tourism Economy (Global Wellness Institute report, November 2018). https://globalwellnessinstitute.org/industry-research/global-wellness-tourism-economy/
Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Singh, R., and Suman, R. (2021). Telemedicine for healthcare: Capabilities, features, barriers, and applications. Sensors International, 2, 100117-100117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100117
Hussein, M., Pavlova, M., Ghalwash, M., and Groot, W. (2021). The impact of hospital accreditation on the quality of healthcare: a systematic literature review. BMC Health Services Research, 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-07097-6
Jain, V., and Ajmera, P. (2018). Modelling the factors affecting Indian medical tourism sector using interpretive structural modeling. Benchmarking: An International Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/bij-03-2017-0045
Kuriakose, S. (2020). Global health: Global health diplomacy. Journal of Global Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020354
Lanati, M., and Thiele, R. (2020). Aid for health, economic growth, and the emigration of medical workers. Journal of International Development. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3763947
Lara, C., Quiroga, A., Duque, J., Abaunza, D., y Rubio, J. (2017). Plan de marketing de turismo salud y bienestar en Colombia.
Leira, F., y Montañez-Santiago, D. (2021). Turismo médico receptivo en Santa Marta (Colombia), 19, 64-91. https://doi.org/10.15665/dem.v19i1.2635
López, E. (2019). Análisis del impacto económico y social del turismo de salud en Bucaramanga y su área metropolitana, 157-165.
Mariño, J., Pinochet, G. y Flores, S. (2020). El turismo médico como vía para fortalecer el sector salud y sus implicaciones en la economía regional. Caso de estudio: Ciudad de Bucaramanga y su Área Metropolitana, Colombia. Espacios. https://doi.org/10.48082/espacios-a20v41n50p10
Martín, R. (2020). Gestión hospitalaria en la pandemia. Archivos españoles de urología, 73, 330-335.
Mishra, V., and Sharma, M. G. (2021). Framework for Promotion of Medical Tourism: A Case of India. Journal of Global Business and Competitiveness, 16(Suppl 1), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42943-021-00027-7
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2017). OECD Reviews of Health Systems: Costa Rica (OECD Publishing). https://www.oecd.org/publications/oecd-reviews-of-health-systems-costa-rica-2017-9789264281653-en.htm
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2018). OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services, Volume 2017 Issue 1: Detailed Tables by Service Category. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/sits-v2017-1-en
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020). Health at a glance: Latin America and the Caribbean 2020. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/health-at-a-glance-latin-america-and-the-caribbean-2020_6089164f-en.html
Pacanowski, T., y Aguerrebere, P. (2018). Las apps en la identidad digital hospitalaria: implicaciones en la reputación y tendencias = Apps in hospital digital identity: implications on reputation and trends. REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE COMUNICACIÓN EN SALUD. https://doi.org/10.20318/recs.2018.4255
Pacheco, M. (2018). Competitividad sistemática en el turismo médico colombiano: un examen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70135
Pascual Sáez, M., y Cantarero Prieto, D. (2020). Understanding Health Economics: A Review of Efficiency, Equity and Inequalities Studies.
Pérez Sánchez, B., Cruz Sánchez, Z. M., and Torrez Vázquez, J. (2019). Medical tourism in Mexico: Strategies of the South Medical Group. Journal of Tourism and Heritage Research, 3(1), 1-15. Recuperado de https://www.jthr.es/index.php/journal/article/view/119
Pineda Tamayo, J. F., y Sánchez Arias, J. A. (2017). Proceso para la internacionalización de instituciones prestadoras de salud establecidas en Colombia [Tesis de maestría, Universidad EAFIT]. Repositorio Institucional Universidad EAFIT. https://repository.eafit.edu.co/entities/publication/57e4a2aa-f5b2-44d6-980d-295f0da8c108
Pomare, C., Long, J., Churruca, K., Ellis, L., and Braithwaite, J. (2020). Interprofessional collaboration in hospitals: a critical, broad-based review of the literature. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 34, 509-519. https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2019.1702515
Rahman, M. (2019). Medical tourism: tourists' perceived services and satisfaction lessons from Malaysian hospitals. Tourism Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/tr-01-2018-0006
Saluja, S., Rudolfson, N., Massenburg, B., Meara, J., and Shrime, M. (2020). The impact of physician migration on mortality in low and middle-income countries: an economic modelling study. BMJ Global Health, 5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001535
Sánchez, B., Sánchez, Z., and Vázquez, J. (2020). Medical tourism in Mexico: strategies of the south medical group, 3, 1-15.
Sandberg, D. (2017). Medical tourism: An emerging global healthcare industry. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 10, 281-288. https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2017.1296213
Santos, M., Filippon, J., Mendes, Á., and Kondilis, E. (2019). International Trade and Health Care in Brazil: An Unpredicted Tale Threatening Health Care Entitlement? International Journal of Health Services, 49, 343-359. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020731419828295
Šehović, A. (2019). Health diplomacy. Regions and Cohesion. https://doi.org/10.3167/reco.2019.090110
Subbaraman, K., Singh, M., and Johar, I. (2021). Medical Tourism. Growth of the Medical Tourism Industry and Its Impact on Society. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3427-4.ch001
Subramanian, J., and Vachharajani, H. (2021). Medical Tourism. Emerging Business and Trade Opportunities Between Oceania and Asia. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4126-5.ch008
Tolba, A., Metwally, F., and Ismail, Z. (2021). Effect of Joint Commission International Hospitals Accreditation on quality of Health care as Perceived by Nurses. Journal of Nursing Science Benha University. https://doi.org/10.21608/jnsbu.2021.186540
Üner, M., Cetin, B., Eroglu, S., and Cavusgil, S. (2021). Internationalization journey of healthcare providers: The case of Turkish Acıbadem healthcare group. Thunderbird International Business Review. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22242
Walton‐Roberts, M., Runnels, V., Rajan, S., Sood, A., Nair, S., Thomas, P., Packer, C., Mackenzie, A., Murphy, T., Labonté, R., and Bourgeault, I. (2017). Causes, consequences, and policy responses to the migration of health workers: key findings from India. Human Resources for Health, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-017-0199-y
World Trade Organization. (2019). International health-worker mobility and trade in services (ERSD-2019-13). World Trade Organization. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201913_e.htm
Zermeño Flores, S. G., Amaya Molinar, C. M., y Cuevas Contreras, T. J. (2019). Turismo de salud y redes colaborativas en innovación: caso los algodones, Baja California. Turismo Y Sociedad, 26, 67-88. https://doi.org/10.18601/01207555.n26.03
Research Encyclopedia of Global Public Health.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190632366.013.25
Alsayedahmed, H., Al-Tawfiq, J., Al-Dossary, B., and Al-Yami, S. (2021). Impact of Accreditation Certification on Improving Healthcare Quality and Patient Safety at Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare. Global journal on quality and safety in healthcare, 4 3, 117-122. https://doi.org/10.36401/jqsh-21-8
Arias-Aragonés, F., Caraballo-Payares, A., y Jiménez-Osorio, J. (2020). Caracterización del turismo de salud en la ciudad de Bogotá y el distrito de Cartagena. Clío América. https://doi.org/10.21676/23897848.3941
Arrivillaga, M. (2020). Assessing health services accessibility in Colombia: Beyond universal health coverage. European Journal of Public Health, 30. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.1391
Asociación Médica Mundial. (2018, 6 de octubre). Declaración sobre el turismo de salud. https://www.wma.net/es/policies-post/declaracion-sobre-el-turismo-de-salud/
Bárcena Ibarra, A., y Cimoli, M. (2020). Structural asymmetries and the health crisis: The imperative of a transformative recovery for the advancement of sustainable development in Latin America and the Caribbean (UN ECLAC Publication LC/PUB.2021/4-P). Santiago de Chile: United Nations — Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. https://www.cepal.org/en/publications/46926-structural-asymmetries-and-health-crisis-imperative-transformative-recovery
Barlow, P., McKee, M., Basu, S., and Stuckler, D. (2017). The health impact of trade and investment agreements: a quantitative systematic review and network co-citation analysis. Globalization and Health, 13, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-017-0240-x
Beltrán, J. (2018). Iniciativas de clúster para el fortalecimiento de la competitividad en el Departamento de Norte de Santander: Casos de turismo de salud y Sistema Moda, 54-66. https://doi.org/10.18601/01233734.n29.06
Borg, E., and Ljungbo, K. (2018). International market-oriented strategies for medical tourism destinations. International Journal of Market Research, 60, 621-634. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470785318770134
Cham, T., Lim, Y., Sia, B., Cheah, J., and Ting, H. (2020). Medical Tourism Destination Image and its Relationship with the Intention to Revisit: A Study of Chinese Medical Tourists in Malaysia. Journal of China Tourism Research, 17, 163-191. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388160.2020.1734514
Chandra, A. (2019). Exploring Medical Tourism Opportunities in India (With Special Reference to Delhi/ NCRZ). SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3320007
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe. (2012). Subsedes/Oficinas – Notas de la CEPAL N.º 72. Recuperado de https://www.cepal.org/notas/72/Subsedes_Washington
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). (2020). Latin America and the Caribbean and the COVID-19 pandemic: Economic and social effects (Special Report COVID-19 No. 1). Naciones Unidas. https://repositorio.cepal.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/e2c1fa19-cacf-4e2b-896d-7fc8abc46b18/content
Crooks, V. A., Labonté, R., Ceron, A., Johnston, R., Snyder, J., and Snyder, M. (2019). "Medical tourism will…obligate physicians to elevate their level so that they can compete": A qualitative exploration of the anticipated impacts of inbound medical tourism on health human resources in Guatemala. Human Resources for Health, 17(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-019-0395-z
De Pourcq, K., De Regge, M., Van Den Heede, K., Van De Voorde, C., Paul, G., and Eeckloo, K. (2019). The role of governance in different types of interhospital collaborations: A systematic review. Health policy, 123 5, 472-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.02.010
De Regge, M., De Pourcq, K., Gemmel, P., Van De Voorde, C., Van Den Heede, K., and Eeckloo, K. (2018). Varying viewpoints of Belgian stakeholders on models of interhospital collaboration. BMC Health Services Research, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3763-9
Deshkukh, B., and Waghamare, S. (2021). Medical tourism in India: Challenges and opportunities. ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2021.01003.x
Dhinesh Kallungal. (2018). Medical tourism in India: An empirical analysis of the demographic profile and perception of medical tourists [Paper]. JETIR, 6(6). Recuperado de https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1908145.pdf
Dohlman, L., DiMeglio, M., Hajj, J., and Laudanski, K. (2019). Global Brain Drain: How Can the Maslow Theory of Motivation Improve Our Understanding of Physician Migration? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071182
Fazal, T. (2020). Health Diplomacy in Pandemical Times. International Organization, 74, E78-E97. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818320000326
Flores, J. (2021). Ecosistema de Negocios del Turismo Médico en México y Brasil. El Periplo Sustentable, 35-62. https://doi.org/10.36677/elperiplo.v0i41.15698
Flores, S., Molinar, C., y Contreras, T. (2019). Turismo de salud y redes colaborativas en innovación: caso los algodones, Baja California. Turismo y Sociedad, 26, 67-88. https://doi.org/10.18601/01207555.n26.03
Foley, B., Haglin, J., Tanzer, J. y Eltorai, A. (2019). Atención al paciente sin fronteras: Una revisión sistemática del turismo médico y quirúrgico. Revista de medicina del viajero. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taz049
Garg, R., Batra, R., and Banerji, A. (2020). Low Cost, Quality Treatment and Excellent Hospitality Makes India the Best Destination for Medical Tourism, 5. https://doi.org/10.23958/ijirms/vol05-i01/614
Ghosh, T., and Mandal, S. (2018). Medical Tourism Experience: Conceptualization, Scale Development, and Validation. Journal of Travel Research, 58, 1288-1301. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518813469
Global Wellness Institute. (2018). Global Wellness Tourism Economy (Global Wellness Institute report, November 2018). https://globalwellnessinstitute.org/industry-research/global-wellness-tourism-economy/
Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Singh, R., and Suman, R. (2021). Telemedicine for healthcare: Capabilities, features, barriers, and applications. Sensors International, 2, 100117-100117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100117
Hussein, M., Pavlova, M., Ghalwash, M., and Groot, W. (2021). The impact of hospital accreditation on the quality of healthcare: a systematic literature review. BMC Health Services Research, 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-07097-6
Jain, V., and Ajmera, P. (2018). Modelling the factors affecting Indian medical tourism sector using interpretive structural modeling. Benchmarking: An International Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/bij-03-2017-0045
Kuriakose, S. (2020). Global health: Global health diplomacy. Journal of Global Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020354
Lanati, M., and Thiele, R. (2020). Aid for health, economic growth, and the emigration of medical workers. Journal of International Development. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3763947
Lara, C., Quiroga, A., Duque, J., Abaunza, D., y Rubio, J. (2017). Plan de marketing de turismo salud y bienestar en Colombia.
Leira, F., y Montañez-Santiago, D. (2021). Turismo médico receptivo en Santa Marta (Colombia), 19, 64-91. https://doi.org/10.15665/dem.v19i1.2635
López, E. (2019). Análisis del impacto económico y social del turismo de salud en Bucaramanga y su área metropolitana, 157-165.
Mariño, J., Pinochet, G. y Flores, S. (2020). El turismo médico como vía para fortalecer el sector salud y sus implicaciones en la economía regional. Caso de estudio: Ciudad de Bucaramanga y su Área Metropolitana, Colombia. Espacios. https://doi.org/10.48082/espacios-a20v41n50p10
Martín, R. (2020). Gestión hospitalaria en la pandemia. Archivos españoles de urología, 73, 330-335.
Mishra, V., and Sharma, M. G. (2021). Framework for Promotion of Medical Tourism: A Case of India. Journal of Global Business and Competitiveness, 16(Suppl 1), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42943-021-00027-7
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2017). OECD Reviews of Health Systems: Costa Rica (OECD Publishing). https://www.oecd.org/publications/oecd-reviews-of-health-systems-costa-rica-2017-9789264281653-en.htm
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2018). OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services, Volume 2017 Issue 1: Detailed Tables by Service Category. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/sits-v2017-1-en
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020). Health at a glance: Latin America and the Caribbean 2020. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/health-at-a-glance-latin-america-and-the-caribbean-2020_6089164f-en.html
Pacanowski, T., y Aguerrebere, P. (2018). Las apps en la identidad digital hospitalaria: implicaciones en la reputación y tendencias = Apps in hospital digital identity: implications on reputation and trends. REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE COMUNICACIÓN EN SALUD. https://doi.org/10.20318/recs.2018.4255
Pacheco, M. (2018). Competitividad sistemática en el turismo médico colombiano: un examen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70135
Pascual Sáez, M., y Cantarero Prieto, D. (2020). Understanding Health Economics: A Review of Efficiency, Equity and Inequalities Studies.
Pérez Sánchez, B., Cruz Sánchez, Z. M., and Torrez Vázquez, J. (2019). Medical tourism in Mexico: Strategies of the South Medical Group. Journal of Tourism and Heritage Research, 3(1), 1-15. Recuperado de https://www.jthr.es/index.php/journal/article/view/119
Pineda Tamayo, J. F., y Sánchez Arias, J. A. (2017). Proceso para la internacionalización de instituciones prestadoras de salud establecidas en Colombia [Tesis de maestría, Universidad EAFIT]. Repositorio Institucional Universidad EAFIT. https://repository.eafit.edu.co/entities/publication/57e4a2aa-f5b2-44d6-980d-295f0da8c108
Pomare, C., Long, J., Churruca, K., Ellis, L., and Braithwaite, J. (2020). Interprofessional collaboration in hospitals: a critical, broad-based review of the literature. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 34, 509-519. https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2019.1702515
Rahman, M. (2019). Medical tourism: tourists' perceived services and satisfaction lessons from Malaysian hospitals. Tourism Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/tr-01-2018-0006
Saluja, S., Rudolfson, N., Massenburg, B., Meara, J., and Shrime, M. (2020). The impact of physician migration on mortality in low and middle-income countries: an economic modelling study. BMJ Global Health, 5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001535
Sánchez, B., Sánchez, Z., and Vázquez, J. (2020). Medical tourism in Mexico: strategies of the south medical group, 3, 1-15.
Sandberg, D. (2017). Medical tourism: An emerging global healthcare industry. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 10, 281-288. https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2017.1296213
Santos, M., Filippon, J., Mendes, Á., and Kondilis, E. (2019). International Trade and Health Care in Brazil: An Unpredicted Tale Threatening Health Care Entitlement? International Journal of Health Services, 49, 343-359. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020731419828295
Šehović, A. (2019). Health diplomacy. Regions and Cohesion. https://doi.org/10.3167/reco.2019.090110
Subbaraman, K., Singh, M., and Johar, I. (2021). Medical Tourism. Growth of the Medical Tourism Industry and Its Impact on Society. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3427-4.ch001
Subramanian, J., and Vachharajani, H. (2021). Medical Tourism. Emerging Business and Trade Opportunities Between Oceania and Asia. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4126-5.ch008
Tolba, A., Metwally, F., and Ismail, Z. (2021). Effect of Joint Commission International Hospitals Accreditation on quality of Health care as Perceived by Nurses. Journal of Nursing Science Benha University. https://doi.org/10.21608/jnsbu.2021.186540
Üner, M., Cetin, B., Eroglu, S., and Cavusgil, S. (2021). Internationalization journey of healthcare providers: The case of Turkish Acıbadem healthcare group. Thunderbird International Business Review. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22242
Walton‐Roberts, M., Runnels, V., Rajan, S., Sood, A., Nair, S., Thomas, P., Packer, C., Mackenzie, A., Murphy, T., Labonté, R., and Bourgeault, I. (2017). Causes, consequences, and policy responses to the migration of health workers: key findings from India. Human Resources for Health, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-017-0199-y
World Trade Organization. (2019). International health-worker mobility and trade in services (ERSD-2019-13). World Trade Organization. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201913_e.htm
Zermeño Flores, S. G., Amaya Molinar, C. M., y Cuevas Contreras, T. J. (2019). Turismo de salud y redes colaborativas en innovación: caso los algodones, Baja California. Turismo Y Sociedad, 26, 67-88. https://doi.org/10.18601/01207555.n26.03
Descargas
La descarga de datos todavía no está disponible.